Geometry of Finite-Time Thermodynamic Cycles With Anisotropic Thermal Fluctuations

In contrast to the classical concept of a Carnot engine that alternates contact between heat baths different temperatures, naturally occurring processes usually harvest energy from anisotropy, being exposed simultaneously chemical and thermal fluctuations intensities. these cases, enabling mechanism responsible for transduction is typically presence non-equilibrium steady state (NESS). A suitable stochastic model such phenomenon Brownian gyrator -a two-degree freedom stochastically driven system exchanges with environment. context we present, control perspective, geometric view harvesting entails forced periodic trajectory on thermodynamic manifold. Dissipation work output are expressed accordingly as path integrals controlled process, fundamental limitations power efficiency in terms via relationship an isoperimetric problem. The theory presented high-order systems far equilibrium beyond linear response regime.